Reconstruction surgery using polypropylene mesh after extensive resection of a costal osteosarcoma in a dog.

Osteosarcoma is the most common tumour that develops in the chest wall of dogs; an extensive excision is the treatment of choice. Various methods have been reported for reconstruction of chest wall defects following extensive excision. The objective of this report was to describe the complete resection of an extensive costal osteosarcoma with an extended resection of the ribs and part of the diaphragm in a dog. An 11-year-old neutered, male, miniature pinscher was presented with dyspnoea: An extensive mass was observed, stretching from the right chest wall to the abdominal wall. On computed tomography, the mass originated from the right 9th rib and exceeded the 6th rib on the cranial side and the 13th rib on the caudal side; it was compressing the lungs, diaphragm, liver, stomach and duodenum. When the patient's condition was medically stabilized, the tumour was removed from the right 9th rib. In consideration of the surgical margin, the 5th-13th ribs were excised, and the tumour was resected with the thoracoabdominal wall and part of the diaphragm. The missing thoracoabdominal wall and section of the diaphragm were reconstructed using two sheets of a polypropylene mesh. Postoperatively, flail chest was observed, although dyspnoea was not observed in the patient. Histopathological examination confirmed the diagnosis of osteosarcoma with a clean margin. Although 60.6 months have passed post-surgery, no metastasis has reoccurred. In this case, complete resection and reconstruction of the chest wall and diaphragm were achieved using a polypropylene mesh without fatal postoperative complications, despite extensive osteosarcoma resection.

Experimental study on determining the degree of bone healing by wall thickness ratio analysis.

To verify the reliability and accuracy of wall thickness ratio analysis to determine the degree of bone healing, fracture models were established with 6 beagles. X-ray, micro-CT, and CT scans were performed at 24 weeks. The healthy side and the affected side were used to simulate the three-dimensional geometric model after internal fixation, and the mesh was divided. The mean and median CT wall thickness values were obtained through the wall thickness analysis. X-ray, CT, micro-CT, and gross appearance were used to determine the degree of bone healing, which was compared with wall thickness analysis. There was a positive correlation between the average CT value and the median wall thickness. The correlation coefficient analysis of the median wall thickness ratio (R2) and healing index ratio (R3) showed a positive correlation. The results of the wall thickness ratio (R2) and the healing index ratio (R3) were used to determine bone healing, and the results were consistent with the results of the actual mechanical test and image analysis. The results of wall thickness ratio analysis were significantly correlated with the degree of bone healing. This method is simple, rapid, and practical to analyze and judge the degree of bone healing.

Three-dimensional surface motion capture of multiple freely moving pigs using MAMMAL.

Understandings of the three-dimensional social behaviors of freely moving large-size mammals are valuable for both agriculture and life science, yet challenging due to occlusions in close interactions. Although existing animal pose estimation methods captured keypoint trajectories, they ignored deformable surfaces which contained geometric information essential for social interaction prediction and for dealing with the occlusions. In this study, we develop a Multi-Animal Mesh Model Alignment (MAMMAL) system based on an articulated surface mesh model. Our self-designed MAMMAL algorithms automatically enable us to align multi-view images into our mesh model and to capture 3D surface motions of multiple animals, which display better performance upon severe occlusions compared to traditional triangulation and allow complex social analysis. By utilizing MAMMAL, we are able to quantitatively analyze the locomotion, postures, animal-scene interactions, social interactions, as well as detailed tail motions of pigs. Furthermore, experiments on mouse and Beagle dogs demonstrate the generalizability of MAMMAL across different environments and mammal species.

Retrospective analysis of perineal herniorrhaphy with cone-shaped polypropylene mesh in dogs: technique description and outcome.

Introduction: This study aimed to describe the technique for the surgical repair of perineal hernia (PH) in dogs using a polypropylene mesh (PM) and to evaluate its outcomes. Methods: All dogs were placed in the Trendelenburg position. Castration and caudal celiotomy for cystopexy and colopexy were performed as needed. Ipsilateral perianal incision was performed in the affected hernia side. A PM was formed a cone-shape with suturing and placed in hernial foramen. The PH was repaired with suturing between PH and pelvic diaphragm including the sacrotuberous ligament, internal obturator muscle, and external anal sphincter muscle. The medical records of all dogs were reviewed to evaluate signalment, perioperative findings, postoperative complications, and prognosis. Results: Of the 22 dogs, 15 were intact, and 7 were previously neutered. The median age and body weight were 10 years and 6.8 kg, respectively. The PH reconstruction using a cone-shaped PM was feasible in all dogs. The median operative time was 60.5 min for unilateral PH and 109 min for bilateral PH. Major postoperative complications occurred in seven dogs (32%), and three dogs (14%) had a recurrence of PH. In the long-term (> 2 weeks) follow-up period, 16 dogs (73%) had an excellent prognosis. Discussion: Our study suggests that PH reconstruction surgery using a cone-shaped PM may be a viable treatment method for PH in dogs. Therefore, a cone-shaped PM could serve as an alternative treatment option for canine PH reconstruction.

A comparative study between low- and high-tech methods for the detection and mitigation of illicit connections in stormwater systems.

Illicit connections of wastewater to stormwater systems are the main drawback of separate sewer systems, as they lead to a direct discharge of untreated wastewater to the aquatic environment. Consequently, several inspection methods have been developed for detecting illicit connections. This study simultaneously applied several low- and high-tech methods for the detection of illicit connections in the same catchment (De Heuvel, the Netherlands). The methods included mesh wire screens for capturing coarse contamination, measurements of electroconductivity and temperature, sampling and quantification of Escherichia coli and extended-spectrum ß-lactamase-producing E. coli (ESBL-EC), DNA analysis via quantitative polymerase chain reaction for human-, dog-, and bird-specific fecal indicators, and distributed temperature sensing. Significant illicit connections could be identified using all methods. Nonetheless, hydraulic conditions and, predominantly, the sewage volume determine whether a misconnection can be detected by especially the low-tech methods. Using these results, the identified misconnections were repaired and biological and DNA analyses were repeated. Our results demonstrate that there were no changes in E. coli or ESBL-EC before and after mitigation, suggesting that these common markers of fecal contamination are not specific enough to evaluate the performance of mitigation efforts. However, a marked decrease in human wastewater markers (HF183) was observed.

Histologic Osseointegration Level Comparing Titanium and Zirconia Dental Implants: Meta-analysis of Preclinical Studies.

Purpose: To assess the literature comparing histologic levels of osseointegration for titanium vs zirconia dental implants. Materials and Methods: This systematic review was conducted following the PRISMA guidelines and was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42021236781). Electronic and manual searches were carried out through the PubMed/MEDLINE, PubMed Central, and Embase databases with a platform-specific search strategy combining controlled terms (MeSH and Emtree) and text words. The articles were selected by two independent investigators who evaluated the articles based on the criteria for eligibility. Results: A total of 17 articles were included. All were preclinical studies. The populations included dogs (27.55%), minipigs (14.28%), rats (14.28%), and rabbits (43.89%); and the implantation site varied among the mandible (36.82%), maxilla (9.04%), tibia (17.64%), skull (10.70%), and femur (25.80%). A total of 370 titanium (Ti) implants and 537 zirconia (Zr) implants were evaluated. The average osseointegration (% bone-to-implant contact) for Zr was 55.51% (17.6% to 89.09%), and for Ti was 58.50% (23.2% to 87.85%). There was no statistical difference between studies at the 2-month follow-up (P = .672), but this difference was significant at 1 and 3 months (P < .001). Conclusions: Within the limitations of this review, Zr implants had a similar level of osseointegration compared to Ti implants. Nonetheless, because these findings are based on preclinical research, all data must be carefully examined.

Assessing mammal fence crossing and local fence management in relation to classical swine fever spread in Japan.

Infectious diseases at the wildlife-livestock-human interface have become a crucial issue, and evidence-based measures are growing increasingly important. One countermeasure against animal diseases in wildlife is using fencing to contain and reduce disease spread and transmission rates between wild populations; however, quantitative assessments on fencing are rare. Moreover, existing research on fencing has highlighted knowledge gaps on the social and ecological aspects relevant to the use and design of fences. To control the spread of classical swine fever, fences were installed from the east to west in Gifu Prefecture, Japan, by March 2019, with the aim of restricting wild boar movement. To clarify the process of installation and maintenance of the fences, we conducted semi-structured interviews with prefectural government officers in Gifu Prefecture. Additionally, we installed infrared-triggered cameras at fence locations with and without gaps to evaluate the fence permeability of mammals. We used a generalized linear mixed model to evaluate the relationship between the presence of gaps and the relative abundance and permeability of each mammal. Our findings showed that the occurrence of gaps was inevitable during the installation and management of wide-area perimeter fence in Japan, partly because of social factors. For example, fences could not be installed on roads that were frequently used by residents and were not adequately maintained owing to budgetary reasons in some cases. Analysis of footage from the infrared-triggered cameras revealed that several mammal species crossed the fence at gaps and even had the ability to cross the gapless parts of the fences. Wild boars crossed through the gaps regularly. It is possible that Sika deer, Japanese serows, raccoons, Japanese badgers, raccoon dogs, Japanese macaques, and feral cats crossed through fence gaps because their relative abundance was high at gap locations. In contrast, Japanese hares slipped through the fence mesh rather than crossing through the gaps. In conclusion, we suggest that coordination and collaboration among related parties, a sufficient supply of fence materials, and securing a budget for fence maintenance are important for fence installation and maintenance. Furthermore, as fence gaps are inevitable, technical development of countermeasures for these gaps could be effective.

Seroprevalence of human toxocariasis in Latin America and the Caribbean: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Introduction: The current study aimed to quantitatively synthesize available evidence regarding the seroprevalence of human toxocariasis in Latin America and the Caribbean. Methods: A systematic research involving six electronic databases was conducted using a research strategy that combined MeSH terms with free terms. Article selection and information extraction were performed using a double and independent approach. The Newcastle-Ottawa tool was used to assess the risk of bias in the included articles. The meta-analysis used the random-effects approach, with subgroup analysis and sensitivity analysis for risk of bias also being performed. Results: We included 101 articles with a total of 31,123 participants. The studies were conducted between 1990 and 2022, with Brazil accounting for the largest number of studies (n = 37). The overall seroprevalence of human toxocariasis was 31.0% (95% CI: 27.0-35.0%, I2 = 99%). The prevalence of the main characteristics observed in seropositive patients were as follows: ocular toxocariasis (30.0%), asymptomatic (26.0%), and presence of dogs at home (68.0%). In addition, the seroprevalence was lower in studies including only adults than in those including children or both. In contrast, no differences in seroprevalences were found between studies conducted in the community and hospital. Conclusion: The overall seroprevalence of human toxocariasis in Latin America and the Caribbean was high. Notably, our findings showed that the seroprevalence was increased among populations who kept a dog at home but was decreased in populations comprising only adults. Our findings can be used to establish epidemiological surveillance strategies for the prevention and early identification of toxocariasis.

Would You Detour with Me? Association between Functional Breed Selection and Social Learning in Dogs Sheds Light on Elements of Dog-Human Cooperation.

Interspecific social learning is a main synchronizing mechanism that enables dogs to adapt to the anthropogenic niche. It is not known whether dogs in general possess the capacity of learning from humans or whether more recent selective events have affected their ability to learn from humans. We hypothesized that cooperative and independent working dog breeds may behave differently in a social learning task. Dogs (N = 78 from 16 cooperative and 18 independent breeds) had to detour a transparent, V-shaped wire mesh fence. The experiment consisted of three one-minute-long trials. The control condition did not include a demonstration. In the demonstration condition, the experimenter placed a reward in the inside corner by walking around the fence. Cooperative dogs reached the target significantly faster, while independent dogs did not detour faster in trials 2 and 3 after the human demonstration. Detour latencies were not associated with the keeping conditions and training level of the subjects. As we assembled both test groups from several genetically distantly related breeds, we can exclude the explanation that higher cooperativity emerged only in particular clades of dogs; instead, functional selection for particular working tasks could enhance capacities that affect a wide range of socio-cognitive traits in dogs.

Modified hemipelvectomy techniques in dogs and cats appear well tolerated with good functional outcomes.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the clinical characteristics, procedural techniques, complications, and outcomes of dogs and cats undergoing any of the following modified hemipelvectomy techniques: concurrent partial sacrectomy and/or partial vertebrectomy, osseous excision crossing midline, and reconstruction without the use of local musculature. ANIMALS: 23 client-owned animals (20 dogs and 3 cats) that underwent modified hemipelvectomy techniques. Animals that underwent traditional (nonmodified) hemipelvectomy techniques were excluded. PROCEDURES: The medical records of 3 academic institutions were reviewed, and data were recorded and analyzed. RESULTS: Modified hemipelvectomy was performed with partial sacrectomy and/or vertebrectomy in 11 dogs, excision crossing pelvic midline with concurrent limb amputation in 5 dogs and 2 cats, and closure without use of native muscle or mesh in 4 dogs and 1 cat. Surgery was performed for tumor excision in all cases. Excision was reported as complete in 16 of 23, incomplete in 6 of 23, and not recorded in 1 of 23 animals. All animals survived to discharge. Only animals undergoing partial sacrectomy/vertebrectomy (4/11) experienced postoperative mobility concerns. Major intra- or post-operative complications (grades 3 and 4) occurred in 2 dogs that underwent partial sacrectomy/vertebrectomy, and 1 of these animals experienced a complication that resulted in death. The median time to death or last follow-up was 251 days (range, 3 to 1,642). CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The modified hemipelvectomy techniques reported in this cohort were overall well tolerated with good functional outcomes. These findings support the use of these modified hemipelvectomy techniques in dogs and cats, and previous notions regarding tolerable hemipelvectomy procedures should be reconsidered. However, additional studies with larger numbers of patients undergoing modified hemipelvectomy techniques are needed to gain more information.

Histological, Immunohistochemical, Biomechanical, and Wettability Evaluations of the Leukocyte- and Platelet-Rich Fibrin Membranes Derived from Canine Blood.

This study aimed to perform histological, immunohistochemical, biomechanical, and wettability assessments of leukocyte- and platelet-rich fibrin (L-PRF) membranes obtained from the blood of healthy dogs. Ten client-owned Labrador Retriever dogs were enrolled. Blood samples were obtained from the external jugular vein using a vacuum tube without anticoagulant, which was immediately centrifuged at 400g for 12 min in a dedicated centrifuge. The L-PRF clot was removed from the tube, and the red clot was released from the buffy coat using a spatula. The membrane was produced using a PRF box. Histological examination identified the three portions of the L-PRF membranes. The first portion was composed mainly of red blood cells with the presence of a low number of leukocytes among them. The second portion was composed of white blood cells, mainly neutrophils. The third portion was composed of the fibrin network which was characterized by acidophilic staining. The immunohistochemical analysis showed that vascular endothelial growth factor and platelet-derived growth factor were expressed in all samples at different intensities, both in cellular components and fibrin mesh. The tensile test and wettability assessments were measured in membranes 30 min and 3 h after production. The 30 min L-PRF membranes supported twice the ultimate tensile strength compared to 3 h L-PRF membranes. The wettability of the 30 min sample membranes was statistically higher than the 3 h sample membranes. In conclusion, the centrifugation protocol allowed production of the L-PRF membrane using canine blood and this was confirmed by histological and immunohistochemical analysis. The mechanical resistance and wettability of the L-PRF membrane were significantly reduced over time.

A rabbit model of tracheal collapse for optimal self-expanding metal stents.

Investigating the characteristics of tracheas can help the understanding of diseases related to the trachea, particularly tracheal collapse (TC) in dogs. This study aimed to compare the mechanical properties of tracheas from New Zealand White (NZW) rabbits and dogs and to introduce a method for inducing a model of TC in the normal trachea. Tracheal samples were obtained from NZW rabbit cadavers (n=5) weighing 3.62-3.92 kg and from dog cadavers (n=5) weighing 2.97-3.28 kg. Three live NZW rabbits weighing 3.5-4.0 kg were used to establish the model. The radial forces of both sample sets were measured using a digital force gauge and statistically compared. Subsequently, TC was surgically induced in three female NZW rabbits by physically weakening their tracheal cartilage under general anesthesia. Their clinical signs were monitored for 3 months, and radiographic examinations were performed monthly for 3 months. The mean radial forces of the two sample sets were comparable (P>0.05). The clinical signs, radiographic examinations, and macroscopic examinations were all comparable to those of dogs with TC. The cadaveric study between the rabbits and dogs demonstrated that the surgically induced rabbit model of TC is an excellent candidate for the experimental study of dogs with TC. This study also provides a reference of tracheal radial force values to enable selection of appropriate mesh types and wire diameters of self-expanding metal stents.

High porosity 3D printed titanium mesh allows better bone regeneration.

BACKGROUND: Most patients with insufficient bone mass suffer from severe horizontal or vertical bone defects in oral implant surgery. The purpose of this study was to compare the bone regeneration effects of titanium meshes with different porosity in the treatment of bone defects. METHODS: Nine beagle dogs were equally divided into three groups based on execution time. Three months after the extraction of the first to fourth premolars of the mandible, three bone defects were randomly made in the mandible. Bone particles and three kinds of three-dimensional (3D) printed titanium nets with different porosities (low porosity group (LP), 55%; medium porosity group (MP), 62%; and high porosity group (HP), 68%) were replanted in situ. The beagles were killed 4, 8, and 12 weeks after surgery. Formalin-fixed specimens were embedded in acrylic resin. The specimens were stained with micro-CT, basic fuchsin staining, and toluidine blue staining. RESULTS: Micro-CT analysis showed that the trabecular thickness, trabecular number, and bone volume fraction of the HP group were higher than those of the other two groups. Moreover, the trabecular separation of the HP group decreased slightly and was lower than that of the MP and LP groups. Histological staining analysis showed that the trabecular number in the HP group was higher than in the other two groups at 8 and 12 weeks, and the bone volume fraction of the HP was higher than that in the other two groups at 12 weeks. Moreover, the trabecular thickness of the MP was higher than that of the LP group at 12 weeks and the trabecular separation was lower in the HP group at 4 and 8 weeks. The differences were statistically significant (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: A 3D printed titanium mesh with HP in a certain range may have more advantages than a titanium mesh with LP in repairing large bone defects.

Root submergence technique as a partial extraction therapy to preserve the alveolar ridge tissues: A systematic review and appraisal of the literature.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: As socket grafting with commercially available biomaterials has become popular, reports of the root submergence technique for ridge preservation have decreased. A systematic review of this partial extraction therapy is lacking. PURPOSE: The purpose of this systematic review was to review the root submergence technique as well as critically appraise the available data. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A review was carried out that observed the Participant, Intervention, Comparison, Outcomes (PICO) strategy and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The focused question was "What are the outcomes of the different methods to submerge tooth roots for ridge preservation?" Medical subject headings (MeSH) terms that related to the root submergence technique were searched in PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and the Cochrane Library databases. RESULTS: A total of 7709 abstracts and study titles were individually screened from the initial search results. After reviewing the full-text articles and applying the selection criteria, the final included search results totaled 47 full-text articles for in-depth review. In 10 animal studies, 258 roots were studied in 34 dogs and 7 monkeys. Histological data confirmed that coronal bridging (bone or cementum growth over the cut root) was a common outcome. Of the vital roots submerged, the majority maintained their vitality. In 37 human studies, 475 roots were submerged and reported on. Subjective ridge preservation was often reported. Among the adverse healing outcomes, exposure of the root through the mucosa was the most common. Nonetheless, in animals, 86.8% of roots remained submerged; in humans, 74.7%. CONCLUSIONS: Root submergence is an established technique for ridge preservation. Exposure is a common complication, and correct technique may be key to its prevention. Further research of this partial extraction therapy is encouraged.

Comparison of three canine nose guards for reduction of ultraviolet (UVA and UVB) solar radiation.

BACKGROUND: Protection from solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation is paramount for some dermatological conditions, yet there are no studies assessing UV nose guards for dogs. OBJECTIVES: Compare the ability of three nasal guards to block solar UV radiation (UVR) from the canine nose, using two commercial products and one created by the authors. ANIMALS: Four fabric model dogs were used in this prospective controlled trial. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Each model had a UV dosimeter applied to the dorsal nose and anterior nasal planum. Three models had nose protectors applied: (1) a mesh hood (OutFox Field Guard, OutFox For Dogs); (2) a fabric nose shield (Nose Protector, Dog Nose Protectors); or (3) a basket muzzle with ultraviolet protection factor (UPF) 50+ fabric developed by the authors. The control had no protective device applied. All the models were placed in direct sunlight and measurements taken over nine 2 h time periods. Total cumulative UVR was analysed for each location and type of guard or control. RESULTS: All guards provided statistically significant UV protection compared to control at all time points (p < 0.001). The basket muzzle with UPF 50+ guard was consistent in protecting the dorsal and anterior nose, blocking 94.2% and 94.3% UVR, respectively. The fabric nose protector blocked 99.2% UVR from the dorsal and 82.9% anterior. The mesh hood blocked 72.5% of UVR dorsal and 71.4% anterior. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Two guards were superior in blocking UVR; however, the choice of UV guard in a clinical setting depends on an individual's disease location and tolerance of the device.

Unilateral perineal hernia surgery. Case report / Cirugía unilateral de hernia perineal. Reporte de caso

ABSTRACT Perineal hernia results from weakening and/or the inability of the pelvic diaphragm to support the rectal wall, promoting caudal displacement of abdominal or pelvic organs in the perineum. Unneutered male dogs aged between 7 and 10 years are the most affected, being rare in females. The main clinical signs are unilateral or bilateral swelling of the perineal region, associated or not with tenesmus, dysuria, urinary and/or fecal incontinence, anuria and pain during defecation. The diagnosis is based on clinical history, anamnesis, physical examination, and complementary tests such as radiography and ultrasound. Clinical treatment can be done in some cases, but surgical intervention is required to resolve the problem. The present work aims to report the case of a patient treated at the FullPet Veterinary Clinic in Guarulhos, São Paulo, Brazil, a 7-year-old male Yorkshire canine, unneutered, weighing 4.5 kg. The same was submitted to surgery by the traditional method of suture with nylon thread and enteropexy. When there was recurrence, surgical reintervention was necessary to correct the hernia using a polypropylene mesh.

RESUMEN La hernia perineal resulta del debilitamiento y/o incapacidad del diafragma pélvico para sostener la pared rectal, lo que promueve el desplazamiento caudal de los órganos abdominales o pélvicos en el perineo. Los perros machos no castrados de entre 7 y 10 años son los más afectados, siendo raro en las hembras. Los principales signos clínicos son tumefacción unilateral o bilateral de la región perineal, asociada o no a tenesmo, disuria, incontinencia urinaria y/o fecal, anuria y dolor durante la defecación. El diagnóstico se basa en la historia clínica, la anamnesis, el examen físico y pruebas complementarias como la radiografía simple y la ecografía. El tratamiento clínico se puede hacer en algunos casos, pero se requiere una intervención quirúrgica para resolver el problema. El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo relatar el caso de un paciente atendido en la Clínica Veterinaria FullPet de Guarulhos, São Paulo, Brasil, un canino Yorkshire macho de 7 años, sin castrar, con un peso de 4,5 kg. Fue intervenido quirúrgicamente por el método tradicional de sutura con hilo de nylon y enteropexia. Cuando hubo recidiva, fue necesaria la reintervención quirúrgica para corregir la hernia mediante una malla de polipropileno.

Molecular Detection of Dipylidium caninum in Isolated Fleas of Dogs in Meshkinshahr County, Northwest of Iran.

Background: Fleas (Insecta: Siphonaptera) are considered as highly specialized bloodsucking on mammals such as humans, livestock, dog, cat, rabbit, squirrels, rats, and mice. The desire for blood feeding from warm-blooded animals has led to becoming an intermediate host for some tapeworms like Dipylidium. The aim of this study was to detect D. caninum larval infection in fleas of dogs living in Mesh-kinshahr County, northwest of Iran. Methods: Fleas were collected from 42 dogs using brushing the hair in Meshkinshahr for one year (2014-2015). After the morphological study, fleas were preserved in 90% ethanol for molecular identification. After DNA extraction, the 28S ribosomal RNA gene (∼670 bp) of D. caninum was amplified using specific primers. Finally, the PCR products were sequenced. Results: Overs, 974 fleas were collected from the dogs. In the morphological study, three species Ctenocephalides canis, Ct. felis, and Pulex irritans were identified. PCR and sequence analysis results showed that 4 isolates Ct. Canis were infected with D. caninum. Also, no positive specimens were isolated from the other two species. Conclusion: Ct. canis is reported as the most important species of fleas in transferring D. caninum in that region.

Estabilização zigomática e retalho de avanço facial lateral em canino filhote / Zygomatic stabilization and lateral facial advancement flap in a puppy dog

O trauma é frequentemente relatado na rotina clínica de pequenos animais, podendo gerar fraturas de componentes ósseos e lesões de tecidos moles adjacentes. No presente trabalho, objetivou-se relatar o caso de um canino, macho, sem raça definida, de sete meses de idade, vítima de trauma craniomaxilofacial decorrente de mordedura, diagnosticado com fratura e deslocamento de osso zigomático, além de importante laceração de pele. O tratamento estabelecido baseou-se no debridamento da ferida, estabilização cirúrgica de arco zigomático com fios de Nylon e na sutura dos ferimentos de pele causados. Em um segundo tempo cirúrgico, foi realizada enucleação e recobrimento do defeito na órbita com malha cirúrgica de polipropileno, além de remoção de tecido exuberante e confecção de retalho subdérmico de avanço facial lateral para recobrimento do defeito cutâneo. A complicação evidenciada na primeira intervenção cirúrgica foi a deiscência das suturas de pele, enquanto no segundo tempo cirúrgico, não houve sinais de complicações. No pós-operatório, o paciente apresentou evolução clínica satisfatória, recebendo alta médica 21 dias após o segundo procedimento cirúrgico realizado. Tendo em vista a adequada evolução clínica, bem como os reduzidos efeitos colaterais, sugere-se que a conduta clínica e técnicas cirúrgicas adotadas para tratamento do paciente em questão foram efetivas.

Trauma is frequently reported in the small animal clinics, and can lead to fractures of cranial bone components and injuries to the adjacent soft tissues. In the present study, the objective was to report the case of a seven-month-old male mongrel dog, that had a craniomaxillofacial trauma resulting from a bite, characterized by zygomatic bone fracture and displacement, in addition to a major skin laceration. The stablished treatment was based on wound debridement, surgical stabilization of the zygomatic arch with nylon threads and in the suturing of skin wounds. In a second surgical procedure, enucleation was performed and a surgical polypropylene mesh was applied to cover the orbital defect, exuberant tissue was removed and a subdermal advancement flap was used to cover the skin defect. The complication observed in the first surgical intervention was dehiscence of the skin sutures, while in the second surgical procedure, there were no signs of complications. Postoperatively, the patient had a satisfactory clinical recovery, being discharged 21 days after the second surgical procedure. Considering the adequate clinical evolution and the reduced complications, it issuggestedthat the clinical conduct and surgical techniques adopted for the treatment of the patient in question were effective.

Production Protocol Standardisation, Macroscopic and Histological Evaluation, and Growth Factor Quantification of Canine Leukocyte-and Platelet-Rich Fibrin Membranes.

Leukocyte-Platelet-Rich Fibrin (L-PRF) is a second generation of platelet concentrates; it was widely used, as an autologous platelet-based wound sealant and hemostatic agent in surgical wound healing. L-PRF clot or membrane is a solid fibrin-based biomaterial, with a specific 3D distribution of the leukocytes and platelet aggregates. This biological scaffold releases growth factors (i.e., TGF- ß1, PDGF-AB, VEGF) and matrix proteins (fibronectin, vitronectin and thrombospondin-1) during the healing process after the application. To the Authors' knowledge both in human and veterinary medicine a single standardised protocol was not reported. This prospective study aimed to apply Crisci's L-PRF protocol (which is characterised by 30" of acceleration, 2' at 2,700 rpm, 4' at 2,400 rpm, 3' at 3,000 rpm, and 36" of deceleration and arrest) sin canine species, evaluate macroscopically and histologically the L-PRF membranes obtained by using Wound Box to standardise the L-PRF protocol in dogs and to evaluate the clinical feasibility of using L-PRF membranes by quantitative in vitro analysis of growth factors over 7 days. One hundred twenty-eight dogs in good general condition with no history of recent NSAIDs intake (15 days of washout) and/or any medication or disease related to coagulation process met inclusion criteria and therefore were enrolled. We obtained 172 membrane L-PRF membranes by 86 dogs: half of them underwent macroscopic and histological analysis, the other 86 underwent ELISA analysis. The Wound Box gave a membrane of mean (±SD) length (cm), width (cm) and weight (g) of 1.97 (±0.89), 0.95 (±0.36), 0.46 (±0.20) respectively. Histology analysis confirmed a well-defined histoarchitecture with five layers reproducing density and distribution of blood cells in this biomaterial. Finally, the ELISA assay performed with 22 L-PRF membranes showed a peak in growth factors at 6 h after membrane production, followed by a decrease in release at 24 and 72 h and a second peak in release at 168 h after production. Statistical analysis of demographic variables (age, sex, and body condition score BCS) and the average of growth factors determined by the ELISA assay did not reveal statistical significance, except for the BCS factor compared with the production of VEGF. Our data confirm the effectiveness of this protocol and of Wound Box to produce L-PRF membranes in dogs.

Perineal hernia repair in dorsal recumbency in 23 dogs: Description of technique, complications, and outcome.

OBJECTIVE: To describe repair of perineal hernias in dogs positioned in dorsal recumbency. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective case series. SAMPLE POPULATION: Twenty-three dogs with perineal hernias treated by herniorrhaphy, with or without adjunctive procedures. METHODS: Medical records from 2016 to 2020 were reviewed for technique description and animal outcomes, and owners and referring veterinarians were contacted for follow-up information. RESULTS: Internal obturator muscle transposition (IOMT) was performed in 22 dogs, and polypropylene mesh repair was performed in one dog. Transection of the internal obturator tendon was feasible in all dogs undergoing IOMT. Eighteen dogs underwent abdominal pexy procedures, castration, or both during the same anesthetic period. No intraoperative complications were noted. Postoperative complications were noted in the hospital in 14 dogs and after release in 11. Incisional infection/drainage and persistent urinary incontinence were reported in four and two dogs, respectively. Hernias reoccurred in four dogs and tended to be more common in dogs that had undergone previous herniorrhaphies (p = .053). Recurrence rates were lowest in dogs that had no prior hernia repair or organ pexy (p = .035). CONCLUSION: Perineal hernia repair was feasible in dorsal recumbency. Complication and recurrence rates of perineal herniorrhaphy in dorsal recumbency were similar to those reported for dogs undergoing the procedure in sternal recumbency. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Positioning of patients for perineal hernia repair can be dictated by surgeon preference. Perineal hernia repair in dorsal recumbency allows a single-stage abdominal and perineal approach without repositioning.